Systemic Inflammatory Changes and Electrolyte Dyshomeostasis in an Iraqi ESRD Cohort: A Comparative Study

Lubna Samir Mohammed *

Department of Chemistry College of Science, Kirkuk University, Iraq.
* Corresponding Author
ORCID Details
 
Research Article
International Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research Updates, 2026, 07(02), 001–009.
Article DOI: 10.53430/ijcpru.2026.7.2.0051
Publication history: 
Received on 22 August 2026; revised on 30 September 2026; accepted on 02 October 2026
 
Abstract: 
Background: End-stage renal disease ESRD was associated with severe hematologic and biochemical derangements due to decreased renal function, accumulation of uremic toxins, defective erythropoiesis, and abnormal electrolyte metabolism. This study assessed key hematological parameters, renal biochemical markers, and serum electrolytes in maintenance hemodialysis patients and compared them with those of healthy controls.
Methods: There were 90 subjects in total in this hospital-based comparative cross-sectional study which 56 patients with ESRD were on maintenance hemodialysis, and 34 were healthy controls. Venous blood samples were tested for hemoglobin, platelet count, white blood cells (WBC) count, serum urea, creatinine, sodium and potassium. The data were presented as the mean ± standard deviation. Between-group comparisons were conducted with Welch’s independent-samples t-test and correlations among laboratory measures within the ESRD group were assessed with Pearson correlation and simple linear regression. Two-sided P values <0.05 were regarded as statistically significant..
Results: ESRD patients had markedly lower hemoglobin (9.30 ± 1.40 vs 13.50 ± 1.10 g/dL) and platelet count (184.0 ± 52.0 vs 254.0 ± 46.0 ×10³/µL), whereas WBC count was higher (7.80 ± 1.70 vs 6.40 ± 1.20 ×10³/µL). Serum urea (160.0 ± 42.0 vs 29.2 ± 6.0 mg/dL), creatinine (9.30 ± 2.00 vs 0.88 ± 0.15 mg/dL), and potassium (5.35 ± 0.75 vs 4.15 ± 0.35 mmol/L) were significantly increased, while sodium was modestly lower (136.2 ± 4.1 vs 139.0 ± 2.8 mmol/L). Creatinine correlated inversely with hemoglobin (r = -0.428, P = 0.001).
Conclusion: They also had a consistent pattern of anemia, reduced platelet counts, elevated WBC counts, marked azotemia, and disturbed sodium and potassium metabolism in patients with ESRD on HD. These changes emphasize the need for integrated hematologic and biochemical surveillance in the management of dialysis.
 
Keywords: 
End-Stage Renal Disease; Hemodialysis; Hemoglobin; Creatinine; Urea; Sodium; Potassium; Hematological Parameters.
 
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